Brunei Darussalam, (pronounced /bruːˈnaɪ/ in English) officially the State of Brunei, Abode of Peace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi: بروني دارالسلام), is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and in fact it is separated into two parts by Limbang, which is part of Sarawak. This is odd in the fact that it is a separated country inside a separated country (the two parts of Malaysia).
Brunei, the remnant of a very powerful sultanate, regained its independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984 and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
| State of Brunei, Abode of Peace بروني دارالسلام | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
| Motto: "Always in service with God's guidance" (translation) | ||||||
| Anthem: Allah Peliharakan Sultan God Bless the Sultan | ||||||
 | ||||||
| Capital (and largest city) | Bandar Seri Begawan | |||||
| Official languages | Malay (Bahasa Brunei)[citation needed] | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | English, Indonesia | |||||
| Demonym | Bruneian | |||||
| Government | Islamic Absolute Monarchy | |||||
| - | Sultan | Hassanal Bolkiah | ||||
| - | Crown Prince | Al-Muhtadee Billah | ||||
| Formation | ||||||
| - | Sultanate | 14th century | ||||
| - | End of British protectorate | January 1, 1984 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 5,765 km2 (172nd) ? sq mi | ||||
| - | Water (%) | 8.6 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | July 2008 estimate | 381,371[1] | ||||
| - | Density | 66/km2 (134th) 168/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2008 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $19.683 billion[2] (114th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $50,116[2] (5th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2008 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $14.553 billion[2] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $37,053[2] (24th) | ||||
| HDI (2008) | ▲ 0.919 (high) (27th) | |||||
| Currency | Brunei dollar (BND) | |||||
| Time zone | (UTC+8) | |||||
| Drives on the | left | |||||
| Internet TLD | .bn | |||||
| Calling code | +673 | |||||
History
The power of the Sultanate of Brunei was at its peak from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century.[3] The Sultanate's suzerainty is thought to have extended over the coastal regions of modern-day Sarawak and Sabah, the Sulu archipelago, and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo. European influence gradually brought an end to this regional power. Later, there was a brief war with Spain, in which Brunei's capital was occupied. Eventually the sultanate was victorious but lost territories to Spain. The decline of the Bruneian Empire culminated in the nineteenth century when Brunei lost much of its territory to the White Rajahs of Sarawak, resulting in its current small landmass and separation into two parts. Brunei was a British protectorate from 1888 to 1984, and occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II.
There was a small rebellion against the monarchy during the 1960s, which was suppressed with help from the United Kingdom. This event became known as the Brunei Revolt and was partly responsible for the failure to create the North Borneo Federation. The rebellion partially affected Brunei's decision to opt out of the Malaysian Federation.
Politics and government
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, whose title has allegedly passed within the same dynasty since the fifteenth century, is the head of state and head of government in Brunei. Brunei has a Legislative Council with 20 appointed members, that only has consultative tasks.
Under Brunei's 1959 constitution, His Majesty Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah is the head of state with full executive authority, including emergency powers since 1962. The Sultan's role is enshrined in the national ideology known as Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB), or Malay Muslim Monarchy. The country has been under hypothetical martial law since Brunei Revolt of 1962.
The media is extremely pro-government and the Royal family retains a venerated status within the country.
International organizations and Brunei
Brunei is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ASEAN, APEC and Organization of the Islamic Conference, and other regional and international forum.
Districts and mukims
Brunei is divided into four districts (daerah):
The districts are subdivided into thirty-eight mukims.
Geography
Brunei Darussalam consists of two unconnected parts with a total area of 5,766 sq. kilometers (2,226 sq. miles). 97% of the population lives in the larger western part, while only about 10,000 live in the mountainous eastern part (the district of Temburong). The total population of Brunei Darussalam is about 400,000 of which around 130,000 live in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. Other major towns are the port town of Muara, the oil producing town of Seria and its neighboring town, Kuala Belait. In the Belait district, the Panaga area is home to large numbers of expatriates due to Royal Dutch Shell and British Army housing and recreational facilities. The well-known Panaga Club is situated here. Jerudong Park, a well known amusement park, is located on the west of Bandar Seri Begawan.
Climate
Brunei Darussalam has a cool equatorial climate. The average annual temperature is 27.1°C (80.8°F), with the April-May average of 27.7°C (81.9°F) and the October-December average of 26.8°C (80.2°F).
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average High (°C) | 27.8 | 27.8 | 29.2 | 29.1 | 29.5 | 28.1 | 28.4 | 28.3 | 28.0 | 27.5 | 27.4 | 28.0 | |
| Average Low (°C) | 16.1 | 16.0 | 19.5 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 23.7 | 23.1 | 23.3 | 25.3 | 23.1 | 19.2 | 16.6 | |
| Average Rainfall (mm) | 277.7 | 138.3 | 113.0 | 200.3 | 239.0 | 214.2 | 228.8 | 215.8 | 257.7 | 319.9 | 329.4 | 343.5 | |
Economy
This small, wealthy economy is a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare measures, and village tradition. Crude oil and natural gas production account for nearly half of its GDP. Substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. The government provides for all medical services and subsidizes rice and housing. Brunei's leaders are concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion although it became a more prominent player by serving as chairman for the 2000 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Stated plans for the future include upgrading the labour force, reducing unemployment, strengthening the banking and tourism sectors, and, in general, further widening the economic base. The national airline, Royal Brunei, is trying to make Brunei a hub for international travel between Europe and Australia/New Zealand, and also has services to major Asian destinations. Increasing amounts of Brunei's foreign imports arrive from other countries.
Healthcare
All Brunei citizens have access to free healthcare from public hospitals. The largest hospital in Brunei is Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, and there is a private medical centre, the Jerudong Park Medical Centre. As of 2008, no hospitals in Brunei were undergoing international healthcare accreditation. However the health system of Brunei Darussalam was ranked fourth in the Asia-Pacific region and second in Asean after Singapore.[6]
There is currently no medical school in Brunei, and Bruneians wishing to study to become doctors must attend university overseas. However, the Institute of Medicines had been introduced at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam and a new building has been built for the faculty. The building, including research lab facilities, was completed in 2009. There has been a School of Nursing since 1951.[7]. 58 nurse managers were appointed in RIPAS to improve service and provide better medical care. [8]. In December 2008, The nursing college merged with the Institute of Medicines at the Universiti Brunei Darussalam to produce more nurses and midwives.[9]
The Health Promotion Centre opened in November 2008 and serves to educate the public on the importance of having a healthy lifestyle.
Demographics
The official language of the nation is Malay (Malay: Bahasa Melayu), although an important minority speak Chinese languages (Min Nan, Mandarin, Min Dong, Yue, Hakka). The local variety of Malay (Kedayan or Bukit Malay), spoken natively by two thirds of the population, is quite divergent from and unintelligible to Standard Malay. The most important aboriginal languages are Iban, and two languages called Tutong, each with about 20,000 speakers. English is also widely spoken and there is a relatively large expatriate community with significant numbers of British and Australian citizens.
Islam is the official religion of Brunei at 67%, and the sultan is the head of the religion in the country. Other faiths practised are Buddhism 13% (mainly by the Chinese), 10% Christianity, and primarily in isolated and very small communities, indigenous religions.
Traditions
Food: Ambuyat Musical instrument: Gulingtangan
Culture
The culture of Brunei is predominantly Malay (reflecting its ethnicity), with heavy influences from Islam, but is seen as more conservative than Malaysia.[12]
Brunei also has a large number of foreign workers, including Indonesian and Filipino domestic workers, labourers from Thailand, Indonesia and the Indian subcontinent (particularly India and Bangladesh), and American and British professionals working in industry and education.
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